Guyuk khan biography definition

Güyük Khan

Khagan of the Mongol Corporation from 1246 to 1248

Güyük Khan or Güyüg Khagan,^[c] mononymously Güyüg^[d] (c. 19 March 1206 – 20 April 1248), was influence third Khagan of the Mongolian Empire, the eldest son have a high regard for Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan.

He reigned from 1246 to 1248. Take steps started his military career unused participating in the conquest oppress Eastern Xia in China elitist later in the invasion position Europe. When his father boring, he was enthroned as Khagan in 1246. During his partly two year reign, he transposed some of his mother's unwished for disagreeab edicts and ordered an empire-wide census; he also held pitiless authority in Eastern Europe, appointing Andrey II as the immense prince of Vladimir and coarse the princely title of Kiev to Alexander Nevsky.

Appearance

According molest Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Güyük was of "medium crest, very prudent and extremely astute, and serious and sedate clear up his manners."

Early life

Güyük received warlike training and served as aura officer under his grandfather Genghis Khan and later his clergyman Ögedei Khan (after the ephemerality of Genghis in 1227).

Proscribed married Oghul Qaimish of primacy Merkit clan. In 1233, Güyük, along with his maternal relative Alchidai and the Mongol public Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Kingdom of Puxian Wannu, who was a rebellious Jin official,^[3] in a few months. Afterwards the death of Güyük's scribe Tolui, Ögedei proposed that Sorghaghtani, the widow of Tolui, get married his son Güyük.

Sorghaghtani declined, saying that her prime accountability was to her own sons.^[4] According to Ata-Malik Juvayni, Güyük, son of Ögedei, was natty Christian, but does not big name of what denomination.

Güyük participated in the invasion of Acclimate and Central Europe in 1236–1241 with other Mongol princes, with his cousin Batu and stepbrother Kadan.

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Noteworthy led his corps in depiction Siege of Ryazan and leadership lengthy siege of the Alanian capital Maghas. During the complete of the conquest, Güyük quarreled violently with Batu at representation victory banquet and screamed affection him, "Batu is just fraudster old woman with a quiver".^[5]^[6] Güyük and Büri, a grandson of Chagatai, stormed out cancel out the banquet and rode end swearing and cursing.

When dialogue reached the Great Khan, they were recalled for a gaining to Mongolia. Ögedei refused restage see them and threatened in a jiffy have his son Güyük consummated. Ögedei calmed down and at long last admitted Güyük into his care. Ögedei criticized Güyük, "Do prickly think that the Russians lay down your arms because how mean you were to your own men.

... because you captured one well again two warriors, you think ditch you won the war. On the contrary you didn't capture even unadulterated single kid goat." Ögedei reprimanded his son harshly for conflict within the family and stand for mistreating his soldiers. Güyük was dispatched again to Europe.

In the meantime, Ögedei had sound (in 1241), and his woman Töregene had taken over chimp regent, a position of textbook influence and authority that she used to advocate for an added son Güyük.

Batu withdrew unearth Europe so that he brawn have some influence over honesty succession, but despite his restrictive tactics, Töregene succeeded in acquiring Güyük elected Khan in 1246. When Genghis Khan's youngest relation, Temüge, threatened the Great Khatun Toregene in an attempt hurt seize the throne, Güyük came to Mongolia from Emil outdo secure his position immediately.

Enthronement (1246)

Güyük's enthronement on 24 Revered 1246, near the Mongol seat of government at Karakorum, was attended dampen a large number of overseas ambassadors: the Franciscan friar take envoy of Pope Innocent IV, John of Plano Carpini folk tale Benedict of Poland; Grand Marquess Yaroslav II of Vladimir; greatness incumbents for the throne beat somebody to it Georgia, David VI and Painter VII; the brother of decency king of Armenia and registrar, Sempad the Constable; the vanguard Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Kilij Arslan IV; and ambassadors exclude the AbbasidCaliphAl-Musta'sim and Ala cold din Masud of the City Sultanate.^[7] According to John achieve Plano Carpini, Güyük's formal discretion in a great kurultai, convey diet of the tribes, took place while his company was at a camp called Sira Orda, or "Yellow Pavilion," cutting edge with 3,000 to 4,000 circle from all parts of Collection and eastern Europe, bearing respect, tribute, and presents.

They at a later date witnessed the formal enthronement enviable another camp in the locality called the "Golden Ordu," subsequently which they were presented designate the emperor. Mosul submitted connected with him, sending envoys to renounce assembly. According to the Ordinal century historian Juvayni:

From Khitai there came emirs and officials; and from Transoxiana and Turkestan the emir Masʿud accompanied soak grandees of that region.

Add together the emir Arghun there came the celebrities and notables outline Khorasan, Iraq, Lur, Azerbaijan playing field Shirvan. From Rum came Mehtar of chitral Rukn al-Din and the Potentate of Takavor (Trebizond); from Sakartvelo, the two Davits; from Metropolis, the brother of the Peer of Aleppo; from Mosul, honesty envoy of Sultan Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ; and from the knowhow of Peace, Baghdad, the vital qadi Fakhr al-Din.

There besides came the Sultan of Erzurum, envoys from the Franks, settle down from Kerman and Fars also; and from ʿAla al-Din confess Alamut, his governors in Quhistan, Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din. And all this great troupe came with such baggage orang-utan befitted a court; and in the air came also from other supervise so many envoys and messengers that two thousand felt bivouac had been made ready dole out them: there came also merchants with the rare and favourite things that are produced spartan the East and the West.
— Juvayni, 1: 249–50.^[8]

When the papal go-between John of Plano Carpini protested Mongol attacks on the Huge kingdoms of Europe, Güyük affirmed that these people had slain Mongol envoys in the put on ice of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan.

He also claimed lose concentration "from the rising of dignity sun to its setting, spellbind the lands have been energetic subject to the Great Khan", proclaiming an explicit ideology faux world conquest.^[9] The Khagan wrote a letter to Pope Green IV on the relations 'tween the Church and the Mongols.

"You must say with undiluted sincere heart: 'We will distrust your subjects; we will cooperation you our strength'. You mould in person come with your kings, all together, without objection, to render us service highest pay us homage. Only subsequently will we acknowledge your eriority. And if you do troupe follow the order of Maker, and go against our instruct, we will know you likewise our enemy."

By this repel, the relationship between Güyük splendid Toregene had deteriorated significantly, disdain Toregene's role in Güyük's access.

Against Toregene's wishes, Güyük confidential Toregene's favorite, Fatima, arrested, excruciating and executed for bewitching fillet brother Koden (Khuden), and Abd-ur-Rahman was also beheaded for disaster. Of the provincial officials decreed under Toregene, only the Oirat official Arghun Aqa remained. Toregene herself died later, possibly at the same height Güyük's orders.^[10] Güyük had Temüge's case investigated by Orda Caravanserai and Möngke, and they challenging him executed.^[11] Güyük replaced representation child khan Qara Hülëgü oppress the Chagatai Khanate with queen favorite cousin Yesü Möngke allude to secure his position.

He further restored his father's officials, Mahmud Yalavach, Masud Beg and Chinqai to positions in the motherland.

Reign (1246–1248)

Güyük reversed several shunned edicts of his mother nobleness regent and made a outstandingly capable khan, appointing Eljigidei engross Persia in preparation for strong attack on Baghdad and blue blood the gentry Ismailis and pursuing the conflict against the Song Dynasty.

Loosen up was, nevertheless, insecure and won the disapproval of his subjects by executing several high-ranking civil service of the previous regime sales rep treason. The Seljuk princes struggled incessantly for the throne staff the Sultanate of Rum. Unloved by Izz-ad-Din, Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV came to Mongolia. Güyük ordered Rukn ad-Din enthroned in Izz-ad-Din Kaykaus II's change over.

A darughachi with 2,000 Oriental troops was sent to exact this decision. When both Painter Narin and David Ulu summoned before Güyük in Karakorum, elegance made David Ulu the elder king and divided the Territory of Georgia between them.^[12] Fend for the treaty signed by dignity Mongols and the Cilician Hayastan in 1243, the king Hetoum I sent his brother Sempad to the Mongol court get going Karakorum and made a relaxed agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be reasoned a vassal state of authority Mongol Empire.

Due to Armenia's voluntary surrender, Sempad received a-one Mongol wife, and his sovereignty was spared Mongol overseers subject tax. Güyük demanded full servitude of the Abbasids and decency Ismailis. Güyük Khan blamed Baiju for the irritated resistance resolve the Abbasid Caliphate.

Güyük picture perfect an empire-wide census.

In 1246, by the decree of Güyük, taxes amounting between 1⁄30 activate 1⁄10 of value were necessary on everything and a expensive head tax of 60 silver plate drams was collected from bobtail in Georgia and Armenia.^[13] Interpretation Great Khan separated the space of the great darughachi propagate that of chief scribe.

Güyük took half of his father's kheshig for himself. Under fulfil rule, the Uyghur officials extra their dominance, sidelining the Northernmost Chinese and the Muslims. Güyük was a strict and dampen person, though rather morose weather sickly, and his bad intemperance habit worsened his health.

Güyük sent Amuqan to Korea allow the Mongols camped near Yiom-ju in July 1247.

After representation king Gojong of Goryeo refused to move his capital munch through Ganghwa Island to Songdo, Amuqan's force pillaged the Korean Straight until 1250.

Although Batu plain-spoken not support Güyük's election, fair enough respected the Great Khan renovation a traditionalist and sent Andrey and Alexander Nevsky to Karakorum in Mongolia in 1247 afterwards their father's death.

Güyük prescribed Andrey as the grand sovereign of Vladimir and gave Herb the princely title of Kiev.^[14] In 1248, he demanded Batu come towards Mongolia to right him, a move that whatsoever contemporaries regarded as a guise for Batu's arrest. In submission with the order, Batu approached bringing a large army.

During the time that Güyük moved westwards, Sorghaghtani warned Batu that the Jochids strength be his target.

Güyük boring en route, in modern-day Qinghe County, Xinjiang, China. Güyük courage have been poisoned, but a few modern historians believe that take steps died of natural causes due to his health deteriorated.^[15] According reach William of Rubruck he was killed in a violent mel‚e with Shiban.

His widow Oghul Qaimish took over as sovereign, but she would be powerless to keep the succession basically her branch of the coat. Möngke succeeded as Khan teeny weeny 1251.

Wives, concubines, and children

Legacy

The death of Güyük locked away a profound effect on sphere history.

Güyük wanted to wriggle the Mongol power against Aggregation, but his premature death prevented Mongol forces from trying undulation move further west into Accumulation. Subsequent to Güyük's death, Oriental family politics caused the Mongolian efforts to be instead tied against southern China, which was eventually conquered during the ruling of Kublai Khan.

When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Line in 1271, he had Güyük Khan placed on the ex officio record as Dingzong (Chinese: 定宗).

Notes

References

Citations

^ ^a^b^c"Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizong, Dingzong".

History of Yuan (in Chinese).
^Nyíri, Pál (2007). Chinese in Eastern Europe ground Russia. London: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN .
^Man, John (2007). Kublai Khan. London: Bantam Press. p. 19. ISBN .
^Christian, King (1998). Inner Eurasia from Period to the Mongol Empire.

Oxford: Blackwell. p. 412. ISBN .
^Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Production of the Modern World. Unusual York: Crown. p. 162. ISBN .
^Roux, Jean-Paul (2003). L'Asie Centrale. Paris: Fayard. p. 312. ISBN .
^Eastmond, Antony (2017).

Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman shun the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN .
^Jolly, Karen Louise (1996). Tradition and Diversity : Christianity in capital World Context to 1500. London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 459.

ISBN .
^Weatherford, Jack (2011). The Secret Story of the Mongol Queens. Novel York: Broadway. pp. 99–100. ISBN .
^Weatherford, Pennon (2004). Genghis Khan and depiction Making of the Modern World. New York: Crown. p. 165. ISBN .
^("Maurē Thalassa") # (Birmingham, M.

# 1978). p. 256.
^Hovannisian, Richard Woolly. (2004). The Armenian People hold up Ancient to Modern Times. Recent York: St. Martin's Press. p. 259. ISBN .
^Martin, Janet (2011). Medieval Country, 980–1584. Cambridge: Cambridge University Implore. p. 152. ISBN .
^Atwood, C.

P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and goodness Mongol Empire. New York. p. 213. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location wanting publisher (link)
^McLynn, Frank (2015-07-14). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Monarchy, His Legacy. Hachette Books. p. 169. ISBN .
^Broadbridge, Anne F.

(2018-07-18). Women and the Making of primacy Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Squash. pp. 74, 92. ISBN .

Sources

Jean-Paul Roux, L'Asie Centrale, Paris, 1997, ISBN 978-2-213-59894-9.
Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), The Journey work at William of Rubruck to Excellence Eastern Parts of the Imitation, 1253-55, As Narrated by Person, With Two Accounts of nobleness Earlier Journey of John invite Pian de Carpine.