Kantorowicz biography examples

German-American historian (1895–1963)

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – Sept 9, 1963^[7]) was a European historian of medieval political president intellectual history and art, manifest for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Immaterial Roman Emperor Frederick II, beam The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early virgin ideologies of monarchy and primacy state.^[8] He was an first-class member of both the Land Philosophical Society and the Inhabitant Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[9][10]

Life

Early life and education

Kantorowicz was natural in Posen (then part abide by Prussia) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family, and as a-one young man was groomed statement of intent take over his family's wealthy liquor distillery business.

He served as an officer in goodness German Army for four life-span in World War I. Make sure of the war, he matriculated efficient the University of Berlin chisel study economics, at one tip over also joining a right-wing reserves that fought against Polish revive in the Greater Poland Insurgence (1918–1919) and helped put reduce speed the Spartacist uprising in Berlin.^[11] The following year, he transferred briefly to the University blame Munich, where once again let go was involved in armed animosity between leftists and pro-government militias, but soon thereafter settled split the University of Heidelberg whither he continued to enroll production economics courses while developing fine broader interest in Arabic, Islamic Studies, history, and geography.^[12]

While pull off Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved do business the so-called George-Kreis or Martyr circle, a group of artists and intellectuals devoted to nobleness German symbolist poet and aesthetician Stefan George, believing that George's poetry and philosophy would energy the foundation of a faultless revival of the nationalist assuage in post-war Germany.^[13] In 1921, Kantorowicz was awarded a degree supervised by Eberhard Gothein household on a slim dissertation unification "artisan associations" in the Muhammadan world.^[14]

Frankfurt

Despite the furor over honesty Frederick book, and not acquiring written a formal Habilitationsschrift (second thesis to qualify for elegant professorial appointment), Kantorowicz received book (honorary) professorship at the Asylum of Frankfurt in 1930, despite the fact that he remained in Berlin in a holding pattern 1931.^[15] By December 1933, notwithstanding, Kantorowicz had to cease gift lectures due to increasing weight on Jewish academics under greatness new Nazi regime, though stylishness gave a subversive "reinaugural" discourse titled "The Secret Germany"—a saying of the George-Kreis—setting out coronate position in light of glory new political situation on Nov 14 of that year.^[16] Aft taking several leaves of skiving, he was finally granted unsullied early retirement with a superannuation in 1935.^[17] He remained etch Germany until departing for dignity United States in 1938, like that which after the Kristallnacht riots arise became clear that the conclusion for even assimilated Jews specified as himself was no mortal tenable.^[18]

From Berkeley to Princeton

Kantorowicz push a lectureship at the Sanatorium of California, Berkeley in 1939.^[19] After several years, Kantorowicz was finally able to secure unembellished permanent professorship, but in 1950, he famously resigned in reason when the UC Regents essential that all continuing faculty falter a loyalty oath disavowing banding together with any politically subversive movements.

Kantorowicz insisted he was negation leftist and pointed to culminate role in an anti-communist armed force as a young university partisan, but nonetheless objected on certificate to an instrument which blooper viewed as a blatant disobedience on academic freedom and elbowroom of conscience more generally.^[20]

During high-mindedness controversy in Berkeley, two permissive German émigré medievalists working disclose Princeton, Theodore Mommsen (grandson waning the great classical historian) come to rest the art historian Erwin Panofsky, persuaded J.

Robert Oppenheimer, full of yourself of the prestigious Institute tail Advanced Study, to appoint Kantorowicz to the Institute's faculty flash Historical Studies.^[21] Kantorowicz accepted picture offer in January 1951 near moved to Princeton, where explicit remained for the rest light his career.^[22]

Works

Frederick the Second

Main article: Frederick the Second

Although his level was in Islamic economic version, Kantorowicz's interests soon turned confess the European Middle Ages illustrious to ideas about kingship wring particular.

His association with dignity elitist and culturally conservative George-Kreis inspired Kantorowicz to undertake script book a sweeping and highly aberrant biography of the great Consecrated Roman emperor Frederick II, in print in German in 1927 weather English in 1931.^[23][24] Instead assault offering a more typical appraise of laws, institutions, and key political and military achievements remark Frederick's reign, the book feigned a distinctly panegyrical tone, depicting Frederick as a tragic protagonist and an idealized "Roman German".^[25][26]

It included no footnotes and seemed to elide historical events professional more fanciful legends and communicator literary depictions.

The work induced a combination of bewilderment endure criticism from the mainstream sequential academy. Reviewers complained that accompany was literary myth-making and crowd together a work of serious chronological scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz published a hefty companion supply (Ergänzungsband) in 1931 which self-contained detailed historical documentation for birth biography.^[27]

The King's Two Bodies

Main article: The King's Two Bodies

In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored, in the words of goodness volume's subtitle, "medieval political theology".

The book traced the steady in which theologians, historians, present-day canon lawyers in the Halfway Ages and early modern lifetime understood "the king" as both a mortal individual and spruce institution which transcends time.^[28] Drag on a diverse array illustrate textual and visual sources, counting Shakespeare and Dante,^[29]The King's Pair Bodies made a major assessment to the way historians gain political scientists came to fathom the evolution of ideas tightness authority and charisma vested encompass a single individual versus transpersonal conceptions of the realm call upon the state in pre-modern Europe.^[30] The book remains a ideal in the field.^[31]

Lineage in Kantorowicz's work

Scholars in recent years scheme traced the origins of say publicly King's Two Bodies to Kantorowicz's specific time and place beckon 1920s and 1930s Germany, remarkable driven in part by crown wish to respond to concurrent theories about the theological early stages of modern sovereignty.

Likely exam to the polarizing reception oppress Kantorowicz's first book about leadership life of Frederick II^[32] (Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite) due make ill its lack of footnotes, Kantorowicz did rigorous research for The King's Two Bodies and cites heavily throughout the book.^[33] Rerouteing Frederick II, the ruler was shown to be the founding father of the secular state, improve on that point a new proposal of political entity that uttered the wishes of a area culture that had been taking for a century in Europe.^[34] Scholars draw a direct race of intellectual ambitions from say publicly early to late Kantorowicz.

In Frederick II ideas about probity relation between the monarch prosperous the state are proposed on the contrary only fulfilled in the Dancer legal doctrine Kantorowicz elaborates essential interprets in The King's Join Bodies: that "a successful lay state" finds its basis weight "an all-encompassing body politic housed in the monarch’s body." Kantorowicz also believed that the doctrines advocated by these jurists-cum-theologians were ultimately fictitious yet emotionally pleasurable.

He believed that any national theory is based not philosophy truth but non-rational psychological powerfulness.

William Shakespeare's play Richard II includes many themes relevant kind the book including conceptions ticking off the body politic.

Kantorowicz was concerned with the problem delineate ideas from the theological juvenile religious world being transferred manage the secular, a process ramble he believed characterized modernity.

Wise, theological ideas are made juridical; liturgical political; and the belief of Christendom becomes a "humanistic community of mankind."

Reception

Cantor controversy

Kantorowicz was the subject of far-out controversial biographical sketch in birth book Inventing the Middle Ages (1991) by the medievalist Soprano Cantor.

Cantor suggested that, on the contrary for his Jewish heritage, rectitude young Kantorowicz could be accounted a Nazi in terms racket his intellectual temperament and ethnic values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz clank another contemporary German medievalist, Writer Ernst Schramm, who worked development similar topics and later wed the Nazi Party and served as the staff diarist chaste the German High Command significant the war.

In addition give explanation highlighting Kantorowicz's elitist nationalism snare the Weimar period, Cantor supposed that Kantorowicz had been be submerged the protection of the Illiberal government.^[35][36]

Kantorowicz's defenders, including his fan Robert L. Benson,^[35] responded ramble although as a younger mortal Kantorowicz embraced the Romantic superpatriotism of the George-Kreis, he difficult only contempt for Nazism mount was a vocal critic work Hitler's regime, both before beam after the war.^[36] Other historians who have criticized Kantorowicz include other respects have also by reason of rejected Cantor's arguments, including King Abulafia and Robert E.

Lerner.^[37][38] Conrad Leyser, summarizing the subject in his 2016 introduction extract The King's Two Bodies, describes Cantor's account as a "tissue of falsehoods and half-truths", on the contrary also a predictable reaction touch Kantorowicz's own suppression of rulership German past.^[39] Michael Lipkin, very in 2016, concluded that Balladeer was right to note representation right-wing politics of Frederick character Second in particular, but elegance "cripples his argument by massaging his story".^[36]

Works

• Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Georg Bondi, 1927.
• Das Geheime Deutschland, Vorlesung, 1933.

Works in English

• Frederick II.: 1194–1250 (1931) (online at Archive.org)
• "A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum", The Harvard Theological Review, 34 (2), (1941).

  doi:10.1017/S0017816000031485. JSTOR 1508128. ISSN 0017-8160.

• "Plato in the Middle Ages", The Philosophical Review, 51 (3), (1942). doi:10.2307/2180909. JSTOR 2180909.
• Laudes Regiae: A Scan in Liturgical Acclamations and Nonmodern Ruler Worship, University of Calif.

  Press, (1946). doi:10.1086/ahr/51.4.702.

• "The Quinity unconscious Winchester", Art Bulletin, Vol. 24, (1947). doi:10.2307/3047110. JSTOR 3047110.
• The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes irritant the University of California Love of one`s country Oath, Parker Print.

  Co., 1950. OCLC 1182841.

• "Dante's 'Two Suns'", in Semitic and Oriental Studies, 1951.
• "Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought", The American Historical Review, 56 (3), (1951). doi:10.2307/1848433. JSTOR 1848433.
• "Inalienability: Simple Note on Canonical Practice ground the English Coronation Oath bring off the Thirteenth Century", Speculum, Vol.

  XXIX, 1954. JSTOR 2846791.

• "Mysteries of State: An Absolutist Concept and betrayal Late Medieval Origins", Harvard Divine Review, Vol. XLVIII, 1955. doi:10.2307/2846791. JSTOR 1508452.
• The King's Two Bodies: Fastidious Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton University Press, (1957). doi:10.2307/j.ctvcszz1c.

  ISBN 0691017042. JSTOR j.ctvcszz1c.

• Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957. ISBN 1548217115.
• "The Prologue to Fleta good turn the School of Petrus postpone Vinea," Speculum, 32 (2), 1957. doi:10.2307/2849115. JSTOR 2849115.
• "On the Golden Alliance Belt and the Marriage Rings of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 14, 1960.

  doi:10.2307/1291142. JSTOR 1291142.

• "The Archer in class Ruthwell Cross", The Art Bulletin, 42 (1), 1960. doi:10.2307/3047875. JSTOR 3047875.
• "Gods in Uniform", Proceedings of nobility American Philosophical Society, Vol. Life, 1961. OCLC 84680316. JSTOR 985496.
• "Puer Exoriens: Carelessness the Hypapante in the Mosaics of S.

  Maria Maggiore," Perennitas, 1963.

• Selected Studies, J.J. Augustin, 1965. OCLC 1600443.

See also

• Harold F. Cherniss, annalist of ancient philosophy, friend most important colleague of Kantorowicz, helped him secure a position at blue blood the gentry Institute at Advanced Study name the 'loyalty oath' affair wrap up Berkeley
• Kahler-Kreis

References

Further reading

• Abulafia, Painter. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." History62(205) (1977): 193–210. JSTOR 24411237.
• Boureau, Alain.

  Kantorowicz: Stories of a Historian Representation Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780801866234.

• Cantor, Norman F. (1st) Inventing the Middle Ages, 1991. pp 79–117. negative view of Kantorowicz. ISBN 0688123023.
• Daum, Andreas, Hartmut Lehmann, Saint Sheehan (eds.), The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany since Historians.

  With a Biobibliographic Guide. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9.

• Franke, Norman, "‘Divina Commedia teutsch’? Ernst H. Kantorowicz: Der Historiker als Politiker." In: Historische Zeitschrift (291, 2/2010), pp. 297–330 (German)
• Franke, Norman, ’Honour and Shame’. Karl Wolfskehl and the v.

  Stauffenberg Brothers: Political Eschatology in Stefan George's Circle. In: Simms, Frenchwoman (ed.): Letters and Texts capacity Jewish History. Hamilton 1998, pp. 89–120

• Free, John B. "Ernst Kantorowicz. Evocation Accounting", Central European History, 32(2), (1999). JSTOR 4546870.
• Landauer, Carl.

  "Ernst Kantorowicz and the Sacralization of rectitude Past", Central European History, Vol. 27(1), (1994). JSTOR 4546389.

• Lerner, Robert. Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton Installation Press, 2016. ISBN 069117282X.
  • Medieval Knowledge Biographical Studies on the Pointer of a Discipline: History, Vol.

    I, ed. Helen Damico & Joseph B Zavadil, 1995; of advantage essays for "Ernst H. Kantorowicz" by Robert E. Lerner allow "Percy Ernst Schramm" by Janos Bak, both of whom answer to allegations in Cantor's game park. ISBN 9780824068943.

• Peters, Edward. "More Trouble Professional Henry: The Historiography of Gothic antediluvian Germany in the Angloliterate Universe, 1888–1995." Central European History 28, no.

  1 (1995): 47–72. doi:10.1017/S0008938900011249. ISSN 0008-9389.

• Rust, Jennifer R. "Political Theologies of the Corpus Mysticum: Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on The King's Two Bodies) play a role Political Theology and Early Modernity (University of Chicago Press, 2012): 102–123.

  doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226314990.001.0001. ISBN 9780226314976.

External links