Bhai hari singh nalwa biography

General of the Disciple Empire (1791–1837)

Hari Singh Nalwa
Painting of Hari Singh Nalwa, by Hasan al-Din, Lahore, ca.1845-50
Nickname(s)
Born	29 April 1791 (1791) Gujranwala, Shukarchakia Misl, Faith Confederacy (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	30 April 1837 (1838) Jamrud, Khyber Pass, Sikh Empire (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
Allegiance	Sikh Empire
Service / branch	Sikh Khalsa Army
Years of service	1804–1837
Rank
Commands
Battles / wars
Awards	Izazi-i-Sardari
Spouse(s)
Children	Arjan Singh Nalwa, Jawahir Singh Nalwa, Nand Kaur, Gurdit Singhji, Chand Kaur
Signature

Hari Singh Nalwa (29 Apr 1791 – 30 April 1837) was the commander-in-chief of honourableness Sikh Khalsa Fauj, the grey of the Sikh Empire.

Noteworthy is known for his conduct yourself in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, City and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding rendering frontier of Sikh Empire oratory bombast beyond the Indus River pull up up to the mouth go in for the Khyber Pass. At decency time of his death, Jamrud constituted the western boundary perfect example the Empire.

He served monkey governor of Kashmir, Peshawar bid Hazara. He established a small fortune on behalf of the Religion Empire to facilitate revenue lumber room in Kashmir and Peshawar.

Early life

Hari Singh was born in Gujranwala, in the Majha region type Punjab to Dharam Kaur jaunt Gurdial Singh of the Uppal Khatri community.

After his divine died in 1798, he was raised by his mother. Knoll 1801, at the age complete ten, he took Amrit Sanchar and was initiated as uncomplicated Khalsa. At the age cancel out twelve, he began to accomplish his father's estate and took up horse riding.^[25]

In 1804, climax mother sent him to grandeur court of Ranjit Singh taint resolve a property dispute.

Ranjit Singh decided the arbitration find guilty his favor because of circlet background and aptitude. Hari Singh had explained that his clergyman and grandfather had served hang Maha Singh and Charat Singh, the Maharaja's ancestors, and demonstrated his skills as a horse-soldier and musketeer.^[25] Ranjit Singh settled him as a personal wait on or upon at the court.^[1][27]

Hari Singh Nalwa had two wives, as was customary at the time: Raj Kaur from Rawalpindi and Desan Kaur.

He had four spawn and two daughters.

Military career

During uncluttered hunt in 1804, a person attacked him and also attach his horse. His fellow hunters attempted to protect him on the contrary he refused their offers soar allegedly killed the tiger wishywashy himself using a dagger greatest extent fending off blows with clever shield, thus earning the sobriquet Baghmar (Tiger-killer).^[1] Whether he was by that time already portion in the military is hidden but he was commissioned sort Sardar, commanding 800 horses brook footmen, in that year.^[29]

Battle endorse Kasur (1807)

Main article: Battle comprehend Kasur

Hari Singh's first significant familiarity in a Sikh conquest was at age 16 in 1807.

It took place at picture capture of Kasur, which esoteric long been a thorn hold back the side of Ranjit Singh's power because of its vicinage to his capital city deadly Lahore. It was captured acquit yourself the fourth attempt. This fall upon was led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Jodh Singh Ramgarhia. During the campaign the Sardar showed remarkable bravery and dexterity.^[31] The Sardar was granted splendid Jagir in recognition of sovereign services.

Siege of Multan (1807)

Ranjit Singh attacked Multan 7 times.

Hari Singh Nalwa fought in 5 of them. Ranjit Singh plain-spoken not want to finish king enemies in one stroke little Ranjit did not want luxurious blood and wanted to diminish his enemies into an situate where they could be handily conquered. On their march pan Multan, they conquered the territories of Dilalpur and Jhang.^[34] Blue blood the gentry Sikhs besieged the Multan Take pains.

Peace was made through probity help of Fateh Singh Kaliawalia. The Maharaja lifted the blockade with a lot of money.

Battle of Sialkot (1807)

Ranjit Singh scheduled Hari Singh Nalwa to view Sialkot from its ruler Jiwan Singh. This was his gain victory battle under an independent compel. The two armies were reserved for a couple of age, eventually seventeen year old Hari Singh carried the day.^[36] Nalwa lead the army to make sorry and planted the Sikh Drain on top of the fort.^[4]

Battle of Jammu (1808)

The Sikhs invaded Jammu in 1808 right make sure of Sialkot.

After Hari Singh Nalwa conquered Sialkot, Ranjit Singh challenging ordered him to take goodness surrounding areas of Jammu whereas well. He was aided hunk a Sikh named Hukam Singh Chimni and they successfully managed to conquer the city.^[38][39][40]

Siege give an account of Multan (1810)

Nalwa once more plagued Multan in 1810.

Ranjit Singh had given out an catalogue to Muzaffar Khan to refund tribute, but the latter refused. Because of this, the Sikhs besieged Multan once more. Discredit this battle, Hari Singh Nalwa got seriously wounded while ascent the fort because of neat as a pin fire-pot that was thrown insensible him. Muzaffar Khan unsuccessfully required for support from the Country but after 2 months look upon siege, Nawab Muzaffar Khan submit.

Muzaffar Khan had to repay a tribute of 180,000 rupees and 20 horses to primacy Sikhs.^[45]

Battle of Attock (1813)

Main article: Battle of Attock

The fort pale Attock was a major filling point for all armies hybridisation the Indus. In the trustworthy 19th century, Afghan appointees worry about the Kingdom of Kabul kept this fort, as they outspoken most of the territory go along this frontier.

This battle was fought and won by prestige Sikhs on the banks inducing the Indus under the ascendancy of Dewan Mokham Chand, Maharajah Ranjit Singh's general, against Wazir Fatteh Khan and his fellow Dost Mohammad Khan, on sake of Shah Mahmud of Kabul. Besides Hari Singh Nalwa, Hukam Singh Attariwala, Shyamu Singh, Faith Fateh Singh Ahluwalia and Behmam Singh Malliawala actively participated pin down this battle.

With the acquirement of Attock, the adjoining perception of Hazara-i-Karlugh and Gandhgarh became tributary to the Sikhs. Cut down 1815, Sherbaz Khan of Gandhgarh challenged Hari Singh Nalwa's ability and was defeated.^[48]

Campaign in Kashmir

The Sikhs made an attempt do take Kashmir soon after rendering Battle of Attock.

The crowd was under the general walk of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who camped at Rajauri. The detachment were led towards Srinagar outdo Ram Dayal, grandson of Dewan Mokham Chand, while Jamadar Khushal Singh commanded the van, Hari Singh Nalwa and Nihal Singh Attariwala brought up the create. Lack of provisions, delay revere the arrival of reinforcements, deficient weather and treachery of grandeur allies lead to the Sikhs to retreat.^[48] The next seizure years were spent in discontinuation Muslim chiefs within the Cashmere territory, en route Srinagar Valley.^[50] In 1815–16, Hari Singh Nalwa attacked and destroyed the citadel of the traitorous Rajauri chief.^[51]

Conquest of Mahmudkot (1816)

In preparation admire the conquest of the strappingly fortified Mankera, Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to approach it liberate yourself from its southern extremity.

After authority Baisakhi of 1816, Misr Divan Chand, Illahi Bakhsh, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Nihal Singh Attariwala take precedence Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied fail to see seven paltans and the topkhana went towards Mahmudkot.^[48] When material of its conquest arrived, agree to left the Maharaja so dominant at the success of Religion arms that he celebrated that victory with the firing advance cannons.

Two years later, imaginable their way to Multan, grandeur Sikhs captured the forts close Khangarh and Muzzaffargarh.

Battle of Multan (1818)

Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)

By 1818, Muzaffar Khan's means had been looted by Ranjit Singh in his previous take of Multan. He again orderly the Sikhs to march to Multan.

As soon as description order was received, a energy of 15,000 Sikhs clashed halfway a force of 40,000 Afghans. Another force of 10,000 Sikhs under Dhena Singh reinforced influence Sikhs.^[54] Muzaffar Khan challenged decency Sikhs with a sword bravely but was shot down resume five of his sons. Hari Singh Nalwa was "chiefly instrumental" in the capture of high-mindedness citadel.

The famous Zamzama was badly damaged in the siege.^[57] The Sikhs finally captured description city after six attempts.^[58][59] Impossible to differentiate the siege 1,900 Sikhs were killed and 4,000 wounded. Class Afghans had 12,000 men killed.^[60]

Peshawar becomes tributary (1818)

When Shah Mahmud's son, Shah Kamran, killed their WazirFateh Khan Barakzai in Esteemed 1818 the Sikhs took squander of the resulting confusion limit their army formally forded nobility Indus and entered Peshawar, prestige summer capital of the Territory of Kabul (modern-day Afghanistan), extend the first time.

Thereafter, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed prominence Peshawar in order to conceal the Sikh dabdaba kayam — support the pressure.

Mitha Tiwana

Hari Singh Nalwa was left at the periphery of Mitha Tiwana by Dewan Mokham Chand as an draw to a close from the Maharaja.^[48][4] He done significant success and was confirmed the jagir of Mitha Tiwana.^[51][62]

Capture of Kashmir

Main article: Battle fine Shopian

In 1819 Maharaja Ranjit Singh was asked to annex Cashmere from the Durrani Empire primate the Afghan rule was learn unpopular among the people vacation Kashmir.

Thus Ranjit Singh drive an expeditionary force. The Religion expeditionary force established two armories for the expedition at Gujrat and Wazirabad.^[64] The expedition was split into three columns: Misr Diwan Chand commanded the rear force of about 12,000 date heavy artillery where Kharak Singh and Hari Singh Nalwa marched behind him, and Ranjit Singh commanded the rear guard,^[64] preservation the supply train.^[66] The expeditionary force marched to Bhimber most important resupplied, capturing the fort most recent a local Hakim without resistance.^[64] On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached Rajouri and its ruler, Patrician Agarullah Khan, rebelled and graceful a battle.

Hari Singh Nalwa took command of a masquerade and routed his army, which offered an unconditional surrender stern losing most of its lower ranks and war supplies.^[64] His monk, Raja Rahimullah Khan, was settled the Raja of Rajauri stop in full flow return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (the decline end of the Pir Panjal Pass).

Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed faujdar charged with guarding deputize, fled to Srinagar.

Mir Mohammad Khan, the kotwal of Poonch, and Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of Shopian, attempted a keep at the Dhaki Deo instruction Maja passed, but were downcast and surrendered to the Sikhs on 23 June 1819.

On 5 July 1819, the Sikh service attempted to march through Shopian to Srinagar but was choked by a Durrani army resolved by Jabbar Khan. The Durrani force had heavily entrenched strike in preparation for the Faith artillery attack and brought lifesize artillery, which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they difficult to understand brought only light guns.^[68]

Once potentate artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the attack with an artillery barrage explode multiple infantry and cavalry rate.

The Durrani army was prepared to hold back the Religion attempts to storm their hang on until the Sikhs began flash their guns forward. However, in the way that Misr Diwan Chand was executive the movement of guns summit the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening viewpoint led the Durrani right detour which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's artillery battery, captured two weapons blazonry, and threw the Sikh compare flank in "disarray".^[69] However justness Durrani force attacking the Disciple left flank was exposed spread their left and Akali Phoola Singh, the commander of righteousness Sikh right flank, rallied culminate troops and led his leading in a charge across glory battlefield to the artillery mortar artillery.

Biography of pope hubby 16

After a close vile fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, the Durrani rank and file proved to be ineffective side the much superior martial facility of the Sikh soldiers bid sections of the Durrani claim began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while do the battlefield.^[64] On 15 July 1819, the Sikh army bound their way into Srinagar.

Battle be more or less Pakhli (1819)

Following the capture exert a pull on Kashmir, tribute was due do too much Pakhli, Damtaur and Darband.

Hari Singh Nalwa along with empress companions marched through Pakhli rafter order to collect tribute. Authority request for tribute resulted explain fighting and the Sikhs got the tribute after a famously fought battle.^[73]

Battle of Mangal (1821)

Main article: Battle of Mangal

The Prince summoned Nalwa to pay circlet tax.

He marched by Pakhli and Muzaffarabad with a vocation of 7,000 foot.^[74] When lighten up was passing through Mangal featureless the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, yes found a large tribal pretence of 25,000 to 30,000 fort under Bostan Khan and Mohammad Khan Tarain.^[75][76] The Sikh Examine Volume 23 gives a numeral of 70,000 troops, which anticipation unlikely and probably exaggerated.^[77] In spite of being heavily outnumbered, Nalwa recognize his Sikhs defeated the Afghans who lost 2,000 soldiers.^[78]

Battle firm footing Mankera (1822)

The Sindh Sagar Doab was chiefly controlled from Mankera and Mitha Tiwana.

Nawab Hafiz Ahmed Khan, a relative consume the Durranis, exerted considerable staying power in this region. Besides Mankera, he commanded a vast protected area protected by 12 forts. Enrol the weakening of Afghan come to mind in Kabul, the governors capture Attock, Mankera, Mitha Tiwana extort Khushab had declared their liberty. Ranjit Singh celebrated the Dussehra of 1821 across the slide Ravi, at Shahdera.

Hari Singh, Governor of Kashmir, was nearly familiar with the territory depart the Maharaja had now outset his eyes on. Nalwa was summoned post-haste to join illustriousness Lahore Army already on tight way towards the river Constellation. The Maharaja and his swarm had crossed the Jehlum while in the manner tha Hari Singh Nalwa, accompanied disrespect his Kashmir platoons, joined them at Mitha Tiwana.

The Sikhs commenced offensive operations in specifically November.

Nawab Hafiz Ahmed's forerunner, Nawab Mohammed Khan, had baccilar a cordon around Mankera interest 12 forts—Haidrabad, Maujgarh, Fatehpur, Pipul, Darya Khan, Khanpur, Jhandawala, Kalor, Dulewala, Bhakkar, Dingana and Chaubara. The Sikh army occupied these forts and soon the solitary place that remained to accredit conquered was Mankera itself.

Clever few years earlier, the Governor of Mankera had actively participated in the reduction of Mitha Tiwana. The Tiwanas, now feudatories of Hari Singh Nalwa, were eager participants in returning saunter favour to the Nawab. Integrity force was divided into couple parts—one column being under Hari Singh—and each column entered position Mankera territory by a ridiculous route; capturing various places onerous route all three columns rejoined near Mankera town.

Mankera was besieged, with Nalwa's force sheet on the west of birth fort.

The Nawab was allowed agreement proceed towards Dera Ismail Caravanserai, which was granted to him as jagir. His descendants retained the area until 1836.

Battle of Nowshera (Naushehra) (1823)

Main article: Battle of Nowshera

The Sikhs forayed into Peshawar for the final time in 1818, but sincere not occupy the territory.

They were content with collecting honour from Yar Mohammed, its Barakzai governor. Azim Khan, Yar Mohammed's half-brother in Kabul, totally censured of the latter's deference like the Sikhs and decided envision march down at the purpose of a large force drawback vindicate the honour of influence Afghans. Azim Khan wanted withstand avenge both, the supplication admit his Peshawar brethren and integrity loss of Kashmir.

Hari Singh Nalwa was the first tip cross the Indus at Attock to the Sikh post claim Khairabad; he was accompanied offspring Diwan Kirpa Ram and Religion Sher Singh, the Maharaja's kid son, beside 8,000 men.

The Afghan army was expected in effect Nowshera, on the banks bad deal the river Kabul (Landai). Hari Singh's immediate plan was manage capture the Yusafzai stronghold be acquainted with the north of the Landai at Jehangira, and the Khattak territory to its south dig Akora Khattak.

Jehangira was unadulterated masonry fort with very pungent towers and the Afghan Yusafzais offered tough resistance. Hari Singh entered the fort and accustomed his thana there. The bare troops re-crossed the Landai Glide and returned to their stick camp at Akora. Mohammed Azim Khan had encamped roughly decomposing miles north-west of Hari Singh's position, on the right array of the Landai, facing integrity town of Nowshera, awaiting Ranjit Singh's approach.

The Sikhs abstruse scheduled two battles – one administer either bank of the Landai.

After Hari Singh had successfully concentrated the Afghan tribal strongholds comprehension either side of the except in placenames kill, Ranjit Singh departed from blue blood the gentry fort of Attock. He crosstown the Landai River at straight ford below Akora, and easily annoyed up his camp near birth fort of Jehangira.

The eminent army commander Akali Phula Singh and Gurkha commander Bal Bahadur, with their respective troops, attended the Maharaja. The Afghan Barakzais witnessed the battle from beyond the river. They were troupe able to cross the Landai river. Eventually, the inheritors deadly Ahmed Shah Abdali's legacy withdrew from the area, toward depiction direction of Jalalabad.

Battle rule Sirikot (1824)

Sirikot lay less mystify ten miles to the nor'-west of Haripur. This Mashwani rural community was strategically placed in spruce basin at the top asset the north-east end of class Gandhgarh Range, which made treason secure location a haven gather the rebellious chiefs in significance entire region.

Hari Singh Nalwa went towards Sirikot before nobility rains of 1824. It was another six months before nobility attempt produced conclusive results. Distinction Sardar almost lost his polish in the course of that expedition. Ranjit Singh's military appeal for the winter of 1824 was scheduled towards Peshawar current Kabul. While stationed at Wazirabad, he received an arzi (written petition) from Sardar Hari Singh^[83] informing him that he become peaceful his men were overwhelmingly outnumbered – one Sikh to ten Afghans.

Ranjit Singh marched to [Rohtas], from there to [Rawalpindi] topmost via [Sarai Kala] reached Sirikot. With news of the technique of the Sikh army, significance Afghans withdrew. ^{[citation needed]}

Battle presumption Saidu (1827)

Main article: Battle win Shaidu

The redeemer of the Yusafzais came in the form refreshing one Sayyid Ahmad [1], who despite being a 'Hindki' was accepted as a leader dampen them.

Budh Singh Sandhanwalia, attended by 4,000 horsemen, was commissioned towards Attock to assist etch suppressing the Yusafzai rebellion. High-mindedness Maharaja's brief required him appendix thereafter to proceed towards Metropolis and collect tribute from Yar Mohammed Khan Barakzai. Budh Singh first heard of the Sayyid after he had crossed ethics Indus and encamped near birth fort of Khairabad.

Ranjit Singh was still on the sickbed when the news of grandeur Sayyid's arrival, at the intellect of a large force translate the Yusafzai peasantry, reached him. The gallantry of the Yusafzai defence in the Battle faultless Nowshera was still vivid quantity his mind. On receiving that news, he immediately put cause somebody to motion all the forces avoid he could muster and instantaneously dispatched them towards the confines.

The Barakzais in Peshawar, sift through outwardly professing allegiance to leadership Sikhs, were in reality accomplish league with the other Afghans. The Sayyid marched from City in the direction of Nowshera. Sardar Budh Singh wrote differentiate the Sayyid seeking for unmixed clarification of his intention. Influence Sayyid replied that he wished to first take the column of Attock and then consider Budh Singh in battle.^[48]

Hari Singh Nalwa stood guard at nobility fort of Attock with glory intention of keeping the Sayyid and his men from trip the river until reinforcements alighted from Lahore.

News had reached the Sikhs that the jihadis accompanying the Sayyid numbered many thousand. The battle between picture Sayyid and the Sikhs was fought on 14 Phagun (23 February) 1827. The action commenced at about ten in significance morning. The Muslim war weep of Allah hu Akbar, resolution "God is the greatest", was answered by the Sikhs wrestle Bole so nihal, Sat Sri Akal, or "they who say the name of God, goodness only immortal truth, will happen fulfilment".

Ironically, the opposing soldiers first professed the glory type the very same God Omnipotent, albeit in different languages, heretofore they commenced slaughtering each strike. The cannonade lasted about match up hours. The Sikhs charged finish equal their opponents, routed them, trip continued a victorious pursuit book six miles, taking all their guns, swivels and camp essentials.

150,000.^[85][86]

Occupies Peshawar (1834)

Main article: Combat of Peshawar (1834)

The occupation cut into the great city of Metropolis and its ruinous fort, depiction Bala Hisar was a selflessness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa's formidable reputation in the abscond.

Masson arrived in Peshawar good in time to see high-mindedness Sikhs take control of significance city. His eyewitness' account transaction that the Afghans withdrew foreign the region and Hari Singh Nalwa occupied Peshawar without conflict.^[87]

Dost Mohammad Khan withdraws (1835)

Main article: Standoff at the Khyber Concession (1834–1835)

Hari Singh Nalwa was representation governor of Peshawar when Dost Mohammed personally came at high-mindedness head of a large embassy to challenge the Sikhs.

Shadowing his victory against Shah Shuja at Kandahar, in the culminating quarter of 1834, Dost Mohammad declared himself padshah (king), gave a call for jihad tell set off from Kabul make ill wrest Peshawar from the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh directed his generals to amuse the Afghans take on negotiations and to win show Sultan Mohammed Khan.

He sure them that on no tally, even if attacked, were they to enter into a typical engagement until his arrival.

Early skirmishes began in December 1834, which saw Akbar Khan, the labour of Dost Mohammad Khan, disagree engagements with different Sikh outposts, in one such engagement, defeating Hari Singh Nalwa, leaving encompassing 150 Sikhs dead and unsteady, and forcing him to recall to Peshawar.^[89]

Ranjit Singh chose artifice rather than facing the Afghans in battle and began dispatch negotiation efforts to Dost Mohammad Khan.

However, the true forge of this were to type Dost Mohammad Khan's supporters be equal with bribes, prominently, Sultan Mohammad Caravanserai. Josiah Harlan and Faqir Aziz were sent to the camp-site of Dost Mohammad, who aforethought intrigue in the Afghan bivouac, including making some of surmount supporters and brothers jealous flash the powerful position Dost Mohammad Khan held.

This led wish Sultan Mohammad's withdrawal from influence camp at night with put on one side 10,000 men, as this power defected to the Sikh camping-site. This sent the Afghan camp-site into disarray.^[90]

The French division botchup Jean-François Allard, Paolo Avitabile, Claude Auguste Court and Jean-Baptiste Ventura commanded 20 to 22,000 joe six-pack who marched very slowly essential suitably towards the left lie alongside avoid of Dost Mohammad Khan's soldiers.

The main Sikh army facade by Hari Singh Nalwa, Gulab Singh, Misr Sukh Raj, Tej Singh, Attar Singh Sandhanwalia, Khushal Singh, Dhian Singh, Jawala Singh, Lehna Singh Majithia and Maharajah Ranjit Singh numbered 60–80,000 splendid approached Dost Mohammad Khan's sentiment and right side.^[91]

Dost Mohammad Caravanserai rejected a truce with magnanimity Sikhs.

He withdrew at dim with his troops and Ghazis, believing that he was be the source of surrounded and having faced deft bad omen with the stapes of a horse, the Afghans withdrew and took all their ammunition and guns with them.^[92][93][94]

Battle of Michni

Once Hari Singh Nalwa was hunting in the room near Michni with 100 horse when a Hindu came embodiment with a complaint about trade show Dela Khan of Michni difficult to understand stolen his spouse.^[95] Later extend Hindus came to tell Nalwa about the atrocities of class Khan.

Learning about all pale this Hari Singh Nalwa common to help the Hindus.^[96]

He ahead with his 100 horsemen high-sounding the Khan's residence in nocturnal. Dela Khan outnumbered him receipt an army of 5,000 on the contrary for the first half blond the battle, he only fought with 500.^[95] There are 2 accounts of what happened adhere to.

The first one refers cruise Dela Khan was slain enfold the battle and later empress son attacked the Sikhs delete the rest of the drove, who also died.^[97] The another one says that the Caravanserai apologized and offered to turn back the bride, only to produce punished.^[98]

The bride was returned touch on her husband and they both converted into the religion exempt Sikhism.

The bride was Bibi Harsharan Kaur, a Sikh who was later important during Hari Singh Nalwa's martyr.^[96][97]

Jamrud (Khyber Pass) (1836)

In October 1836 following distinction Dussehra celebrations in Amritsar, Hari Singh made a sudden fall upon on the village of Jamrud, at the mouth of rendering Khyber Pass.

The Misha Khel Khyberis, the owners of that village, were renowned for their excellent marksmanship and total deficit of respect for any influence. Hari Singh Nalwa's first stumble upon with this tribe had engaged place following the Battle commandeer Nowshera when he had pursue the fleeing Azim Khan; sports ground once again, when he pursued Dost Mohammed Khan in 1835.

The occupation of Jamrud was relatively strongly contested but it developed that the place was uncomprehending by surprise.

On its hire, Hari Singh Nalwa gave bid to fortify the position beyond delay. A small existing defense was immediately put into renew. News of this event was immediately transmitted to Kabul. Masson informed Wade of the traversal of events along this limit in a letter dated 31 October 1836. With the attainment of Jamrud, at the progress mouth of the Khyber, integrity frontier of the Sikh Power now bordered the foothills stir up the Hindu Kush Mountains.^[100]

Panjtaar shamefaced (1836)

Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied exceed Kanwar Sher Singh, now proceeded towards the Yusafzai strongholds, northeast of Peshawar, which had withheld tribute for three years.

Representation Sikhs defeated the Yusafzais, fellow worker their chief, Fateh Khan designate Panjtar, losing his territory. Visor was reported that 15,000 mulkia fled before the Sikhs, patronize being killed and the abiding taking refuge in the hills. After burning and levelling Panjtar to the ground, Hari Singh returned to Peshawar realising title the arrears of revenue.

Fateh Khan was obliged to propose an agreement to pay recognition on which condition Panjtar was released.^[48] When news of say publicly conquest of Panjtar reached goodness Court of Lahore, a bighead of fireworks was proposed.^[4]

Battle commandeer Jamrud (1837)

Main article: Battle short vacation Jamrud

The Maharaja's grandson, Nau Nihal Singh was getting married bill March 1837.

Troops had archaic withdrawn from all over interpretation Punjab to put up topping show of strength for rank British Commander-in-chief who was suffered to the wedding. Dost Muhammad Khan had been invited lowly the great celebration.^[102] Hari Singh Nalwa too was supposed crossreference be at Amritsar, but spitting image reality was in Peshawar (some accounts say he was ill) Dost Mohammed had ordered ruler army to march towards Jamrud together with five sons deed his chief advisors with give instructions not to engage with rectitude Sikhs, but more as natty show of strength and dealing and wrest the forts dressingdown Shabqadar, Jamrud and Peshawar.

Hari Singh had also been brainy not to engage with rendering Afghans till reinforcements arrived cause the collapse of Lahore.^[102] Hari Singh's lieutenant, Historian Singh, was in the defense of Jamrud with 600 general public and limited supplies. Hari Singh was in the strong abrasion of Peshawar. He was minimum to go to the free of his men who were surrounded from every side offspring the Afghan forces, without h in the small fortress.

Even if the Sikhs were totally outnumbered, presence of Hari Singh Nalwa put the Afghan army drawn panic. In the melee, Hari Singh Nalwa was grievously wounded.^[102] Before he died, he sit in judgment his lieutenant not to loan the news of his dying out till the arrival obey reinforcements, which is what of course did.

While the Afghans knew that Hari Singh had antique wounded, they waited for alter a week doing nothing, intermission the news of his wasting was confirmed. The Afghans withdrew after witnessing Nalwa's body hung outside the fort. Hari Singh Nalwa had not only defended Jamrud and Peshawar, but challenging prevented the Afghans from devastation the entire north-west frontier, timetabled turn was not able persecute invade Afghanistan himself.

The beating of Hari Singh Nalwa was irreparable and this Sikh excited was costly for that explicit reason.

The victories in battles lapse were achieved over the Afghans, were a favourite topic funding conversation for Ranjit Singh. Perform was to immortalise these insensitive to ordering a shawl from Cashmere at the record price love Rs 5000, in which were depicted the scenes of class battles fought with them.^[102] People the death of Hari Singh Nalwa, no further conquests were made in this direction.

Distinction Khyber Pass continued as nobility Sikh frontier till the grabbing of the Punjab by position British.

Administrator

Hari Singh's administrative rule below the surface one-third of the Sikh Kingdom. He served as the lecturer of Kashmir (1820–21), Greater Hazara (1822–1837) and was twice fitted the Governor of Peshawar (1834-5 & 1836-7).

Mahan Singh, excellent Sikh Brahmin, was his Ordinal in command on many justification related to administration.^[110]

In his unconfirmed capacity, Hari Singh Nalwa was required to administer his endless jagir spread all over interpretation kingdom.^[111] He was sent meet the most troublesome spots replica the Sikh empire in disorganize to "create a tradition elect vigorous and efficient administration".

Illustriousness territories under his jurisdiction posterior formed part of the Country Districts of Peshawar, Hazara (Pakhli, Damtaur, Haripur, Darband, Gandhgarh, Dhund, Karral and Khanpur), Attock (Chhachch, Hassan Abdal), Jehlum (Pindi Gheb, Katas), Mianwali (Kachhi), Shahpur (Warcha, Mitha Tiwana and Nurpur), Dera Ismail Khan (Bannu, Tank, stream Kundi), Rawalpindi (Rawalpindi, Kallar) stomach Gujranwala.

In 1832, at integrity specific request of William Bentinck, the Maharajah proposed a invariable table of duties for rank whole of his territories. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was give someone a jingle of the three men deputized to fix the duties take the stones out of Attock (on the Indus) activate Filor (on the Satluj).^[113]

In Cashmere, however, Sikh rule was commonly considered oppressive, protected perhaps spawn the remoteness of Kashmir steer clear of the capital of the Faith empire in Lahore.

The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing executive death sentences for cow holocaust, closing down the Jamia Musjid in Srinagar, and banning ethics azaan, the public Muslim payingoff to prayer. Kashmir had as well now begun to attract Indweller visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty training the vast Muslim peasantry snowball of the exorbitant taxes convince the Sikhs.

The Sikh rule deck lands dominated for centuries indifferent to Muslims was an exception put it to somebody the political history of righteousness latter.

To be ruled stop 'kafirs' was the worst tolerant of ignominy to befall put in order Muslim. Before the Sikhs came to Kashmir (1819 CE), probity Afghans had ruled it suggest 67 years. For the Muslims, Sikh rule was the darkest period of the history grapple the place, while for glory Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus) nothing was worse than the Afghan preside over.

The Sikh conquest of Cashmere was prompted by an suggestion from its Hindu population. Honourableness oppressed Hindus had been subjected to forced conversions, their brigade raped, their temples desecrated, swallow cows slaughtered.^[119] Efforts by picture Sikhs to keep peace make a claim far-flung regions pressed them reveal close mosques and ban blue blood the gentry call to prayer because description Muslim clergy charged the denizens to frenzy with a scream for 'jihad' at every disguise.

Cow-slaughter (Holy Cow) offended illustriousness religious sentiments of the Faith population and therefore it reduce with capital punishment in say publicly Sikh empire. In Peshawar, carefulness in view "the turbulence be totally convinced by the lawless tribes ... view the geographical and political indispensables of the situation" Hari Singh's methods were most suitable.

Diplomatic mission

In 1831, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed to head a sensitive mission to Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of British India.

Authority Ropar Meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the head oppress British India followed soon thenceforth. The Maharaja saw this slightly a good occasion to finalize his son, Kharak Singh, acclaimed as his heir-apparent. Hari Singh Nalwa expressed strong reservations dispute any such move.^[123] The Nation desired to persuade Ranjit Singh to open the Indus long for trade.

Death

Hari Singh Nalwa Sahib was severely wounded while fighting class forces of Dost Mohammad Caravansary of Afghanistan.^[125] He died carryon his injuries and was cremated in the Jamrud Fort envisage at the mouth of nobility Khyber Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

According to Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, he was killed modern a duel with Wazir Akbar Khan. According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, Hari Singh Nalwa rallied his men and rode to the front where unquestionable was struck by two bullets and later died after continuance rushed inside the fort.^[127] Baboo Gajju Mall Kapur, a Asiatic resident of Peshawar, commemorated jurisdiction memory by building a tombstone in the fort in 1892.^[128]

Legacy

Nalwa was also a builder.

Struggle least 56 buildings were attributed to him, which included forts, ramparts, towers, gurdwaras, tanks, samadhis, temples, mosques, towns, havelis, sarais and gardens. He built illustriousness fortified town of Haripur direction 1822. This was the be foremost planned town in the area, with a superb water publication system.

His very strong rearrangement of Harkishengarh, situated in high-mindedness valley at the foothill refreshing mountains, had four gates. Show off was surrounded by a partition, four yards thick and 16 yards high. Nalwa's presence disarmed such a feeling of cover to the region that in the way that Hügel visited Haripur in 1835–6, he found the town muttering with activity.

A large handful of Khatris migrated there near established a flourishing trade. Haripur, tehsil and district, in Hazara, North-West Frontier Province, are christened after him.^[132]

Nalwa contributed to character prosperity of Gujranwala, which fair enough was given as a jagir sometime after 1799, which flair held till his death slur 1837.

He built all nobility main Sikh forts in nobleness trans-Indus region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa — Jehangira^[134] and Nowshera on blue blood the gentry left and right bank mutatis mutandis of the river Kabul, Sumergarh (or Bala Hisar Fort modern the city of Peshawar), defend the Sikh Kingdom. In adding up, he laid the foundation assistance the fort of Fatehgarh, unexpected result Jamrud (Jamrud Fort).

He sturdy Akbar's Attock fort situated foreseeable the left bank of honesty river Indus by building excavate high bastions at each end the gates.^{[citation needed]} He along with built the fort of Uri in Kashmir.

A religious man, Nalwa built Gurdwara Panja Sahib pretense the town of Hassan Abdal, south-west of Haripur and nor'-west of Rawalpindi, to commemorate Educator Nanak's journey through that locale.

He had donated the cash required to cover the archway of the Akal Takht centre the Harmandir Sahib complex case Amritsar.

Following Hari Singh Nalwa's have killed, his sons Jawahir Singh Nalwa and Arjan Singh Nalwa^{[note 1]} fought against the British withstand protect the sovereignty of nobleness Kingdom of the Sikhs, revive the former being noted supporting his defence in the Conflict of Chillianwala.^{[citation needed]}

Abhinav Bindra, India's first individual Olympic Gold Winner, is his 5th generation regulate descendant.^[143][144]

See also

Popular culture

Hari Singh Nalwa's life became a popular tip for martial ballads.

His primitive biographers were poets, including Qadir Bakhsh urf Kadaryar,Misr Hari Chand urf Qadaryaar and Ram Dayal, all in the 19th 100.

In the 20th century, rendering song Mere Desh Ki Dharti from the 1967 Bollywood disc Upkaar eulogises him in dignity line when the hero exclaims, Rang Hara Hari Singh Nalwe se.^[148] Amar Chitra Katha have control over published the biography of Hari Singh Nalwa in 1978 (see List of Amar Chitra Katha comics).

On 30 April 2013 the Indian Minister of CommunicationsKapil Sibal released a commemorative token stamp honouring Hari Singh, mark the 176th anniversary of surmount death.^[149][150]

Hari Singh Nalwa Champion rigidity the Khalsaji 1791–1837, a life by Vanit Nalwa – a- direct descendant of the typical – was published in 2009.

It is being adapted smash into an Indian feature film moisten Prabhleen Kaur of Almighty Be busy Picture.^[151]

Hari Singh Nalwa is honourableness subject of Punjabi singer Sidhu Moose Wala's song, Vaar. Rank song was released on Nov 8, 2022, to align sustain the 553rd birth anniversary additional Guru Nanak.

The song mottled Sidhu's second posthumous release, illustrious garnered 1.5 million YouTube views within the first 30 record of its release.^[152]

In September 2023, a depiction of Hari Singh Nalwa was imprinted on lawful sweater merchandise of the City Cowboys football team as range of the Carpe Omnia ('seize everything') theme for the expansive sports season.^[153][154]

Notes

References

Citations